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Definition of sanctions on North Korea

Sanction is an action that is taken to impose certain restrictions on violators of rules or customs to achieve a specific goal.
International community may impose various types of sanctions as a means of bringing about changes in the behavior of a particular country or group that threatens the safety of the community.
Sanctions on North Korea refer to applying pressure on North Korea that causes political, economic, and diplomatic disadvantage with the goal of deterring North Korea’s development of WMD (Weapons of Mass Destruction), including nuclear and ballistic missiles.
Sanctions on North Korea include multilateral sanctions imposed by the international community such as the United Nations and the EU, and unilateral sanctions imposed by individual country such as South Korea, the United States, and Japan, etc.

Major types of sanctions on North Korea

United Nations Security Council (hereinafter referred to as the Security Council), which aims to maintain international peace, may impose coercive measures in the event of threats to international peace and security in accordance with Chapter VII of the UN Charter: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression.
The Security Council condemns North Korea’s development of WMD. In order to prevent North Korea’s continued development, the Security Council calls on member states to implement sanctions against North Korea through resolutions.
In accordance with these resolutions, UN member states are restricted in exports and imports, financial transactions, cargo inspection, shipping, people-to-people exchanges, networking (diplomacy, etc.) with North Korea, which is under sanctions.

Major UN sanctions on North Korea by category

Weapons

- Prohibit direct or indirect supply, sale, transfer of any item, material, equipment, products, or technology, and trade, training, advice, or service related that could contribute to North Korea’s WMD-related programs including nuclear and conventional weapons

Finance

-Freeze economic resources, prohibit remittances and assistance to sanctioned and related parties

-Prohibit providing finance, assets, financial resources including bulk cash and settlement

-Prohibit public and private financial support for trade with North Korea (export credit/guarantee, insurance, etc.)

-Prohibit free aid, signing of financial support contracts, and reduce existing contracts with North Korea

Exports and Imports

- Limit export and import of luxury goods, general goods, etc.

Cargo Inspection

- Inspect cargo (including personal cargo and consignments) transported via aircraft, ships, railways, and roads to/from North Korea that are controlled and used by North Koreans(residents)

- Prohibit aircrafts and ships carrying banned items from taking off and landing/entering ports, and passing through airspace

- Seize and dispose of embargo goods

- Seize, search, freeze vessels that engage in ship-to-ship transfer of embargo goods/p>

Shipping

- Prohibit provision of fuel, goods, or other services to North Korean ships and aircrafts

- Prohibit sale and supply of aviation fuel to North Korea

- Prohibit leasing, chartering of vessels and aircrafts or providing crew services to North Korea

- Prohibit nationals from registering ships in North Korea and using North Korean flag

- Prohibit provision of certificates on ship classification, ownership, leasing, ship chartering, operation or ancillary services and insurance coverage for North Korean vessels

- Cancel registration and prohibit classification services and port entry (by inducing entry to the designated port) of vessels in violation of sanctions against North Korea

- Prohibit ship-to-ship cargo transfer and transportation of embargo goods with North Korean-flagged vessels

Economic Cooperation

- Prohibit establishment of new joint ventures and cooperative organizations and close existing ones with North Korea

- Prohibit sale and transfer of fishing rights

- Prohibit work permits for North Koreans, repatriate North Koreans

- Prohibit opening or operation of new branches, subsidiaries, and offices of North Korean banks in the country

- Close representative offices, subsidiaries, and bank accounts in North Korea

- Prohibit establishment and maintenance of joint ventures, equity purchase and sale, exchange transactions with North Korean banks

- Close offices under sanctions and prohibit business engagement

Cooperation in Education and Science

- Prohibit nuclear-related education and training for North Koreans

- Prohibit cooperation in science and technology (except for the medical field) with North Korea-related organizations

Diplomacy

- Reduce diplomatic delegation and consular personnel

- Limit the number of accounts for North Korean diplomatic missions, consulates and diplomats to one

- Prohibit commercial activities of North Korean diplomats

- Prohibit the use of North Korea-owned/leased real estate for non-diplomatic purposes

People-to-people Exchange

- Prohibit entry and transit and deport persons/related persons under sanctions

- Deport persons related to North Korean banks and financial institutions

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